the 1st edition: 20150408
the 2nd edition: 20150711 add rpi2 part, Initramfs source files conf
the 3rd edition: 20151001 /dev/ram0
the 4th edition: 20170320 使用 4.4.y linux kernel
看了這個《
Linux 内核分析 》課程之後, 我知道可以用 qemu + gdb 來 debug linux kernel。
課程所提供的 rootfs 在這裡, 很精簡, 對學習很有幫助:
git clone https://github.com/mengning/menu.git
我想如法泡製在 raspberry pi 上,
因為我沒有實體的 pi 開發版 (後來有了), 所以用這方法來 trace linux kernel。不過要先解決如何編譯 linux kernel for qemu/pi。
《
raspberry pi Kernel Building 》這份文件有教學, 不過編譯出來的 kernel 無法在 qemu 上執行, 要參考這篇《
build raspberrypi kernel for qemu 》(需要 patch 並選擇一些選項)
舊的 xecdesign.com 資料已經不存在了, 也無法適用於 4.4.y 的 kernel, https://github.com/dhruvvyas90/qemu-rpi-kernel 這裡提供的 linux-arm.patch 可以讓 rpi 4.4.y 的 kernel 在 qemu 中啟動, tools/build-kernel-qemu 提供了 script 自動編譯 kernel。
wget http://xecdesign.com/downloads/linux-qemu/linux-arm.patch patch -p1 -d linux/ < linux-arm.patch
記得加入 debug option, 這樣編譯出來的 kernel 才有 debug symbol, 可以配合 gdb 做 source code level debug。
add debug option kernel hacking—>
Compile-time checks and compiler options ->
[*] compile the kernel with debug info
這是我的 linux kernel config 和下載的 patch:
config and patch
https://github.com/descent/linux/tree/rpi-4.4.y-qemu 有我 patch 好的 kernel, qemu-config 是給 qemu 用的 config file。
測試環境:
git clone https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux
git commit 8362c08dfc8dd9e54745b3f1e5e4ff0a1fb30614
再來的問題是, 如何載入 initrd?
和 x86 的版本有點不同, 需要 -append 加入參數,《
Compiling Linux kernel for QEMU ARM emulator 》提供了一個辦法, 不過 -append 裡頭的參數還是無法讓我正常使用《Linux内核分析》裡頭介紹的 rootfs initrd image, 其文章提供的 hello rootfs initrd image 當然也無法使用, 最後找到以下指令。
qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -cpu arm1176 -kernel /media/2/pi/linux/arch/arm/boot/zImage -m 128 -initrd rootfs -append "initrd=rootfs"
qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -cpu arm1176 -kernel /media/2/pi/linux/arch/arm/boot/zImage -m 128 -initrd m/rootfs.img -append "initrd=rootfs.img"
menuos for raspberry pi in qemu
寄件者 ??
雖然有了 arm 的 debug 環境, 不過我還有些疑惑? linux 被載入的位址為何? 固定在那個位址嗎? 它可以被移動到其他位址嗎?
x86 有個 relocatable kernel 的選項。那他怎麼做 relocation 的動作?
x86 linux option 1 Processor type and features
2 (0x1000000) Physical address where the kernel is loaded
3 [*] Build a relocatable kernel
對應的變數是:
CONFIG_RELOCATABLE=y
arm 版本沒有 relocatable kernel 的選項, 不過有個 AUTO_ZRELADDR=y, 在 Enable "AUTO_ZRELADDR" support under "Boot" options, 好像是等同於 RELOCATABLE。
The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 5 提到:
This next kernel option (Build a relocatable kernel (RELOCATABLE)) allows the kernel to be placed somewhere else in the memory. The kernel file will be 10% larger,
深入探索 Kdump，第 3 部分: Kdump 原理探秘
以下是我的 qemu command, 搭配 linux/vmlinux 就可以 gdb single step linux kernel。
qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -cpu arm1176 -kernel linux/arch/arm/boot/zImage -m 128 -initrd m/rootfs.img -append "initrd=rootfs.img" -s -S
不過我想從第一個指令開始看起, 無法成功, 只好照著課程步驟, 把 break point 設在 start_kernel, 可以正常 debug, 和課程提到的是一樣的結果。以下是開機時暫存器的值。
gdb.sh 示範如果使用 gdb 連上 qemu:
gdb.sh 1 descent@debian64:linux-4.4.1$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-gdb linux/vmlinux
2 GNU gdb (Debian 7.10-1+b1) 7.10
3 Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
5 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
6 There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
7 and "show warranty" for details.
8 This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux-gnu".
9 Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
10 For bug reporting instructions, please see:
11 <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
12 Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
13 <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
14 For help, type "help".
15 Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
16 Reading symbols from vmlinux...done.
17 (gdb) target remote localhost:1234
18 Remote debugging using localhost:1234
19 0x0000fff0 in ?? ()
20 (gdb) b start_kernel
21 Breakpoint 1 at 0xc1846740: file init/main.c, line 498.
22 (gdb) c
23 Continuing.
24
25 Breakpoint 1, start_kernel () at init/main.c:498
26 498 {
27 (gdb)
rpi 1 (gdb) i r
2 r0 0x0 0
3 r1 0x0 0
4 r2 0x0 0
5 r3 0x0 0
6 r4 0x0 0
7 r5 0x0 0
8 r6 0x0 0
9 r7 0x0 0
10 r8 0x0 0
11 r9 0x0 0
12 r10 0x0 0
13 r11 0x0 0
14 r12 0x0 0
15 sp 0x0 0x0 <__vectors_start>
16 lr 0x0 0
17 pc 0x0 0x0 <__vectors_start>18 cpsr 0x400001d3 1073742291
使用 Initramfs source files conf 的選項可以將 initramfs 直接編入 kernel, 這樣就不需要使用 qemu 的 -initrd。
Initramfs source files conf 1 General setup --->
2 [*] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support
3 (/media/2/linux_kernel/m/rootfs) Initramfs source file(s)
重要:
不過需要將 /dev/console 複製到 Initramfs source file (我的例子是: /media/2/linux_kernel/m/rootfs), 否則開機會有 console 相關的錯誤訊息。
descent@debian32:~/linux-3.10.27/arch/x86/boot$ ls ~/git/FS/target2/dev/
console mtd1 mtd13 mtd3 mtd7 mtdblock1 mtdblock13 mtdblock3 mtdblock7 ptmx rtc0 tty2 tty6 ttyS1
kmem mtd10 mtd14 mtd4 mtd8 mtdblock10 mtdblock14 mtdblock4 mtdblock8 pts tty tty3 tty7 ttyS2
mem mtd11 mtd15 mtd5 mtd9 mtdblock11 mtdblock15 mtdblock5 mtdblock9 ram0 tty0 tty4 tty8 urandom
mtd0 mtd12 mtd2 mtd6 mtdblock0 mtdblock12 mtdblock2 mtdblock6 null random tty1 tty5 ttyS0 zero
init 放在 /init, 有些環境可能要放在 /sbin/init
若要在終端機秀出 qemu 訊息, 使用以下指令, 重點在指定
-nographic -append "console=ttyAMA0 這兩個參數。
qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -cpu arm1176 -kernel arch/arm/boot/zImage -m 128 -nographic -append "console=ttyAMA0"
qemu rpi message for terminal 1 descent@debian64:linux$ qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -cpu arm1176 -kernel arch/arm/boot/zImage -m 128 -nographic -append "console=ttyAMA0"
2
3 (process:31080): GLib-WARNING **: /build/glib2.0-94amRy/glib2.0-2.50.1/./glib/gmem.c:483: custom memory allocation vtable not supported
4 pulseaudio: set_sink_input_volume() failed
5 pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
6 pulseaudio: set_sink_input_mute() failed
7 pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
8 Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.
9 Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
10 Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
11 Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
12 Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
13 Linux version 4.4.30-rt5+ (descent@debian64) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140303 (prerelease) (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2650 - Linaro GCC 2014.03) ) #9 Mon Mar 20 17:27:35 CST 2017
14 CPU: ARMv6-compatible processor [410fb767] revision 7 (ARMv7), cr=00c5387d
15 CPU: VIPT aliasing data cache, unknown instruction cache
16 Machine: ARM-Versatile PB
17 Memory policy: Data cache writeback
18 sched_clock: 32 bits at 24MHz, resolution 41ns, wraps every 89478484971ns
19 Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 32480
20 Kernel command line: console=ttyAMA0
21 PID hash table entries: 512 (order: -1, 2048 bytes)
22 Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
23 Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
24 Memory: 124120K/131072K available (4039K kernel code, 185K rwdata, 1088K rodata, 164K init, 139K bss, 6952K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
25 Virtual kernel memory layout:
26 vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000 ( 4 kB)
27 fixmap : 0xffc00000 - 0xfff00000 (3072 kB)
28 vmalloc : 0xc8800000 - 0xff800000 ( 880 MB)
29 lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc8000000 ( 128 MB)
30 modules : 0xbf000000 - 0xc0000000 ( 16 MB)
31 .text : 0xc0008000 - 0xc050a1bc (5129 kB)
32 .init : 0xc050b000 - 0xc0534000 ( 164 kB)
33 .data : 0xc0534000 - 0xc05626c0 ( 186 kB)
34 .bss : 0xc05626c0 - 0xc0585460 ( 140 kB)
35 NR_IRQS:224
36 VIC @f1140000: id 0x00041190, vendor 0x41
37 FPGA IRQ chip 0 "SIC" @ f1003000, 13 irqs, parent IRQ: 63
38 clocksource: timer3: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275 ns
39 Console: colour dummy device 80x30
40 Calibrating delay loop... 735.23 BogoMIPS (lpj=3676160)
41 pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
42 Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
43 Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
44 Disabling cpuset control group subsystem
45 Initializing cgroup subsys memory
46 Initializing cgroup subsys devices
47 Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
48 CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
49 Setting up static identity map for 0x8220 - 0x827c
50 devtmpfs: initialized
51 VFP support v0.3: implementor 41 architecture 1 part 20 variant b rev 5
52 clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
53 NET: Registered protocol family 16
54 DMA: preallocated 256 KiB pool for atomic coherent allocations
55 Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
56 dev:f1: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x101f1000 (irq = 44, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
57 console [ttyAMA0] enabled
58 dev:f2: ttyAMA1 at MMIO 0x101f2000 (irq = 45, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
59 dev:f3: ttyAMA2 at MMIO 0x101f3000 (irq = 46, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
60 fpga:09: ttyAMA3 at MMIO 0x10009000 (irq = 70, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
61 PCI core found (slot 11)
62 PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
63 pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x50000000-0x5fffffff]
64 pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref]
65 pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x1000-0xffff]
66 pci_bus 0000:00: No busn resource found for root bus, will use [bus 00-ff]
67 PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers disabled
68 pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 2: assigned [mem 0x50000000-0x50001fff]
69 pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 1: assigned [mem 0x50002000-0x500023ff]
70 pci 0000:00:0c.0: BAR 0: assigned [io 0x1000-0x10ff]
71 vgaarb: loaded
72 SCSI subsystem initialized
73 clocksource: Switched to clocksource timer3
74 NET: Registered protocol family 2
75 TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
76 TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
77 TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
78 UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
79 UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
80 NET: Registered protocol family 1
81 RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
82 RPC: Registered udp transport module.
83 RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
84 RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
85 NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
86 futex hash table entries: 256 (order: -1, 3072 bytes)
87 Installing knfsd (copyright (C) 1996 okir@monad.swb.de).
88 jffs2: version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
89 romfs: ROMFS MTD (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc.
90 Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 254)
91 io scheduler noop registered
92 io scheduler deadline registered
93 io scheduler cfq registered (default)
94 pl061_gpio dev:e4: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e4000 registered
95 pl061_gpio dev:e5: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e5000 registered
96 pl061_gpio dev:e6: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e6000 registered
97 pl061_gpio dev:e7: PL061 GPIO chip @0x101e7000 registered
98 clcd-pl11x dev:20: PL110 rev0 at 0x10120000
99 clcd-pl11x dev:20: Versatile hardware, VGA display
100 Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x30
101 brd: module loaded
102 sym53c8xx 0000:00:0c.0: enabling device (0100 -> 0103)
103 sym0: <895a> rev 0x0 at pci 0000:00:0c.0 irq 93
104 sym0: No NVRAM, ID 7, Fast-40, LVD, parity checking
105 sym0: SCSI BUS has been reset.
106 scsi host0: sym-2.2.3
107 scsi 0:0:2:0: CD-ROM QEMU QEMU CD-ROM 2.3. PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
108 scsi target0:0:2: tagged command queuing enabled, command queue depth 16.
109 scsi target0:0:2: Beginning Domain Validation
110 scsi target0:0:2: Domain Validation skipping write tests
111 scsi target0:0:2: Ending Domain Validation
112 sr 0:0:2:0: [sr0] scsi3-mmc drive: 16x/50x cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray
113 cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
114 physmap platform flash device: 04000000 at 34000000
115 physmap-flash.0: Found 1 x32 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
116 Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
117 Using buffer write method
118 smc91x.c: v1.1, sep 22 2004 by Nicolas Pitre <nico@fluxnic.net>
119 smc91x smc91x.0 eth0: SMC91C11xFD (rev 1) at c8a5a000 IRQ 57
120 [nowait]
121 smc91x smc91x.0 eth0: Ethernet addr: 52:54:00:12:34:56
122 mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
123 ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
124 Netfilter messages via NETLINK v0.30.
125 nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (1939 buckets, 7756 max)
126 ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
127 NET: Registered protocol family 17
128 bridge: automatic filtering via arp/ip/ip6tables has been deprecated. Update your scripts to load br_netfilter if you need this.
129 Bridge firewalling registered
130 input: AT Raw Set 2 keyboard as /devices/fpga:06/serio0/input/input0
131 input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as /devices/fpga:07/serio1/input/input2
132 VFS: Cannot open root device "(null)" or unknown-block(0,0): error -6
133 Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions:
134 0100 4096 ram0 (driver?)
135 0101 4096 ram1 (driver?)
136 0102 4096 ram2 (driver?)
137 0103 4096 ram3 (driver?)
138 0104 4096 ram4 (driver?)
139 0105 4096 ram5 (driver?)
140 0106 4096 ram6 (driver?)
141 0107 4096 ram7 (driver?)
142 0108 4096 ram8 (driver?)
143 0109 4096 ram9 (driver?)
144 010a 4096 ram10 (driver?)
145 010b 4096 ram11 (driver?)
146 010c 4096 ram12 (driver?)
147 010d 4096 ram13 (driver?)
148 010e 4096 ram14 (driver?)
149 010f 4096 ram15 (driver?)
150 0b00 1048575 sr0 driver: sr
qemu-system-i386 1 Script started on Wed 05 Aug 2015 04:59:52 PM CST
2 descent@debian32:~/linux-3.10.27/arch/x86/boot$ qemu-system-i386 -nographic -kernel bzImage -append "console=ttyS0"
3 [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
4 [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
5 [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
6 [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.10.27 (descent@debian32) (gcc version 4.8.5 (Debian 4.8.5-1) ) #2 SMP Wed Aug 5 16:41:20 CST 2015
7 [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
8 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
9 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
10 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
11 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x0000000007fdffff] usable
12 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000007fe0000-0x0000000007ffffff] reserved
13 [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
14 [ 0.000000] Notice: NX (Execute Disable) protection missing in CPU!
15 [ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.8 present.
16 [ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x7fe0 max_arch_pfn = 0x100000
17 [ 0.000000] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f6640-0x000f664f] mapped at [c00f6640]
18 [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption
19 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff]
20 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x07800000-0x07bfffff]
21 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x077fffff]
22 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x07c00000-0x07fdffff]
23 [ 0.000000] ACPI: RSDP 000f6470 00014 (v00 BOCHS )
24 [ 0.000000] ACPI: RSDT 07fe16a9 00034 (v01 BOCHS BXPCRSDT 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
25 [ 0.000000] ACPI: FACP 07fe0bda 00074 (v01 BOCHS BXPCFACP 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
26 [ 0.000000] ACPI: DSDT 07fe0040 00B9A (v01 BOCHS BXPCDSDT 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
27 [ 0.000000] ACPI: FACS 07fe0000 00040
28 [ 0.000000] ACPI: SSDT 07fe0c4e 009AB (v01 BOCHS BXPCSSDT 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
29 [ 0.000000] ACPI: APIC 07fe15f9 00078 (v01 BOCHS BXPCAPIC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
30 [ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET 07fe1671 00038 (v01 BOCHS BXPCHPET 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
31 [ 0.000000] 0MB HIGHMEM available.
32 [ 0.000000] 127MB LOWMEM available.
33 [ 0.000000] mapped low ram: 0 - 07fe0000
34 [ 0.000000] low ram: 0 - 07fe0000
35 [ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
36 [ 0.000000] DMA [mem 0x00001000-0x00ffffff]
37 [ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x01000000-0x07fdffff]
38 [ 0.000000] HighMem empty
39 [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
40 [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
41 [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x00001000-0x0009efff]
42 [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x00100000-0x07fdffff]
43 [ 0.000000] Using APIC driver default
44 [ 0.000000] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x608
45 [ 0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x00] lapic_id[0x00] enabled)
46 [ 0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0xff] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
47 [ 0.000000] ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x00] address[0xfec00000] gsi_base[0])
48 [ 0.000000] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 0, version 17, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23
49 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)
50 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 5 global_irq 5 high level)
51 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level)
52 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 10 global_irq 10 high level)
53 [ 0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 11 global_irq 11 high level)
54 [ 0.000000] Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information
55 [ 0.000000] ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086a201 base: 0xfed00000
56 [ 0.000000] smpboot: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
57 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 000000000009f000 - 00000000000a0000
58 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 00000000000f0000
59 [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000
60 [ 0.000000] e820: [mem 0x08000000-0xfffbffff] available for PCI devices
61 [ 0.000000] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:8 nr_cpumask_bits:8 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
62 [ 0.000000] PERCPU: Embedded 13 pages/cpu @c7ed0000 s32064 r0 d21184 u53248
63 [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 32382
64 [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: console=ttyS0
65 [ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: 512 (order: -1, 2048 bytes)
66 [ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
67 [ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
68 [ 0.000000] Initializing CPU#0
69 [ 0.000000] Initializing HighMem for node 0 (00000000:00000000)
70 [ 0.000000] Memory: 118524k/130944k available (5775k kernel code, 12028k reserved, 2092k data, 2124k init, 0k highmem)
71 [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout:
72 [ 0.000000] fixmap : 0xfff15000 - 0xfffff000 ( 936 kB)
73 [ 0.000000] pkmap : 0xff800000 - 0xffc00000 (4096 kB)
74 [ 0.000000] vmalloc : 0xc87e0000 - 0xff7fe000 ( 880 MB)
75 [ 0.000000] lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc7fe0000 ( 127 MB)
76 [ 0.000000] .init : 0xc17b0000 - 0xc19c3000 (2124 kB)
77 [ 0.000000] .data : 0xc15a3f7b - 0xc17af0c0 (2092 kB)
78 [ 0.000000] .text : 0xc1000000 - 0xc15a3f7b (5775 kB)
79 [ 0.000000] Checking if this processor honours the WP bit even in supervisor mode...Ok.
80 [ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=32, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
81 [ 0.000000] Hierarchical RCU implementation.
82 [ 0.000000] RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
83 [ 0.000000] NR_IRQS:2304 nr_irqs:256 16
84 [ 0.000000] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
85 [ 0.000000] console [ttyS0] enabled
86 [ 0.000000] tsc: Fast TSC calibration failed
87 [ 0.000000] tsc: Unable to calibrate against PIT
88 [ 0.000000] tsc: using HPET reference calibration
89 [ 0.000000] tsc: Detected 3594.682 MHz processor
90 [ 0.009236] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 7189.36 BogoMIPS (lpj=3594682)
91 [ 0.011114] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
92 [ 0.013258] Security Framework initialized
93 [ 0.015457] SELinux: Initializing.
94 [ 0.017211] Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
95 [ 0.024728] Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
96 [ 0.027285] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0
97 [ 0.027285] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0
98 [ 0.027285] tlb_flushall_shift: 6
99 [ 0.067329] Freeing SMP alternatives: 24k freed
100 [ 0.068019] ACPI: Core revision 20130328
101 [ 0.082594] ACPI: All ACPI Tables successfully acquired
102 [ 0.092004] Enabling APIC mode: Flat. Using 1 I/O APICs
103 [ 0.095000] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1
104 [ 0.107000] smpboot: CPU0: Intel QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.3.0 (fam: 06, model: 06, stepping: 03)
105 [ 0.110000] APIC calibration not consistent with PM-Timer: 107ms instead of 100ms
106 [ 0.110000] APIC delta adjusted to PM-Timer: 6249946 (6741014)
107 [ 0.110658] Performance Events: Broken PMU hardware detected, using software events only.
108 [ 0.112041] Failed to access perfctr msr (MSR c1 is 0)
109 [ 0.121634] Brought up 1 CPUs
110 [ 0.122075] smpboot: Total of 1 processors activated (7189.36 BogoMIPS)
111 [ 0.136000] RTC time: 8:59:58, date: 08/05/15
112 [ 0.138000] NET: Registered protocol family 16
113 [ 0.140000] kworker/u2:0 (13) used greatest stack depth: 7312 bytes left
114 [ 0.145499] kworker/u2:0 (17) used greatest stack depth: 7188 bytes left
115 [ 0.149506] ACPI: bus type PCI registered
116 [ 0.152247] PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfd40f, last bus=0
117 [ 0.153054] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access
118 [ 0.158222] kworker/u2:0 (28) used greatest stack depth: 7176 bytes left
119 [ 0.224664] bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
120 [ 0.228120] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)
121 [ 0.229000] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)
122 [ 0.229020] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions)
123 [ 0.230053] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device)
124 [ 0.248036] ACPI: Interpreter enabled
125 [ 0.249202] ACPI Exception: AE_NOT_FOUND, While evaluating Sleep State [\_S1_] (20130328/hwxface-568)
126 [ 0.251100] ACPI Exception: AE_NOT_FOUND, While evaluating Sleep State [\_S2_] (20130328/hwxface-568)
127 [ 0.253401] ACPI: (supports S0 S3 S4 S5)
128 [ 0.254000] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing
129 [ 0.256325] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and report a bug
130 [ 0.260855] ACPI: No dock devices found.
131 [ 0.293274] kworker/u2:0 (303) used greatest stack depth: 7164 bytes left
132 [ 0.307297] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-ff])
133 [ 0.309451] acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can't access extended PCI configuration space under this bridge.
134 [ 0.312217] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
135 [ 0.313176] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
136 [ 0.314220] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0x0cf7]
137 [ 0.315057] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0d00-0xffff]
138 [ 0.316110] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff]
139 [ 0.317059] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x08000000-0xfebfffff]
140 [ 0.325852] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0600-0x063f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI
141 [ 0.326111] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0700-0x070f] claimed by PIIX4 SMB
142 [ 0.343104] acpi PNP0A03:00: ACPI _OSC support notification failed, disabling PCIe ASPM
143 [ 0.344070] acpi PNP0A03:00: Unable to request _OSC control (_OSC support mask: 0x08)
144 [ 0.350525] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKA] (IRQs 5 *10 11)
145 [ 0.351557] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs 5 *10 11)
146 [ 0.353559] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] (IRQs 5 10 *11)
147 [ 0.355146] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKD] (IRQs 5 10 *11)
148 [ 0.357429] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKS] (IRQs *9)
149 [ 0.360731] ACPI: Enabled 16 GPEs in block 00 to 0F
150 [ 0.364861] vgaarb: device added: PCI:0000:00:02.0,decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none
151 [ 0.365073] vgaarb: loaded
152 [ 0.366034] vgaarb: bridge control possible 0000:00:02.0
153 [ 0.369180] SCSI subsystem initialized
154 [ 0.370104] ACPI: bus type ATA registered
155 [ 0.374000] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
156 [ 0.374042] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
157 [ 0.376055] PTP clock support registered
158 [ 0.377651] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
159 [ 0.387092] cfg80211: Calling CRDA to update world regulatory domain
160 [ 0.390840] NetLabel: Initializing
161 [ 0.391045] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
162 [ 0.392028] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
163 [ 0.394131] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
164 [ 0.396357] HPET: 3 timers in total, 0 timers will be used for per-cpu timer
165 [ 0.397000] hpet0: at MMIO 0xfed00000, IRQs 2, 8, 0
166 [ 0.399258] hpet0: 3 comparators, 64-bit 100.000000 MHz counter
167 [ 0.403000] Switching to clocksource hpet
168 [ 0.459290] pnp: PnP ACPI init
169 [ 0.460062] ACPI: bus type PNP registered
170 [ 0.472349] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 10 devices
171 [ 0.473069] ACPI: bus type PNP unregistered
172 [ 0.476546] kworker/u2:0 (369) used greatest stack depth: 7020 bytes left
173 [ 0.549015] NET: Registered protocol family 2
174 [ 0.553424] TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
175 [ 0.555696] TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
176 [ 0.557204] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
177 [ 0.559307] TCP: reno registered
178 [ 0.561870] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
179 [ 0.563621] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
180 [ 0.566137] NET: Registered protocol family 1
181 [ 0.568983] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
182 [ 0.570720] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
183 [ 0.571742] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
184 [ 0.572788] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
185 [ 0.576091] pci 0000:00:00.0: Limiting direct PCI/PCI transfers
186 [ 0.576429] pci 0000:00:01.0: PIIX3: Enabling Passive Release
187 [ 0.581731] pci 0000:00:01.0: Activating ISA DMA hang workarounds
188 [ 0.622091] microcode: CPU0 sig=0x663, pf=0x1, revision=0x0
189 [ 0.624728] microcode: Microcode Update Driver: v2.00 <tigran@aivazian.fsnet.co.uk>, Peter Oruba
190 [ 0.626546] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds
191 [ 0.633912] audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
192 [ 0.636554] type=2000 audit(1438765198.636:1): initialized
193 [ 0.708201] HugeTLB registered 4 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
194 [ 0.743534] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
195 [ 0.745062] Dquot-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
196 [ 0.752887] kworker/u2:0 (544) used greatest stack depth: 6980 bytes left
197 [ 0.761762] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
198 [ 0.763958] Key type id_resolver registered
199 [ 0.764838] Key type id_legacy registered
200 [ 0.766713] msgmni has been set to 231
201 [ 0.777784] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 252)
202 [ 0.780426] io scheduler noop registered
203 [ 0.781273] io scheduler deadline registered
204 [ 0.783633] io scheduler cfq registered (default)
205 [ 0.786663] pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
206 [ 0.791211] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input0
207 [ 0.793137] ACPI: Power Button [PWRF]
208 [ 0.814357] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
209 [ 0.839611] 00:05: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
210 [ 0.852105] Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
211 [ 0.853475] Linux agpgart interface v0.103
212 [ 0.857962] [drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810
213 [ 0.869001] loop: module loaded
214 [ 0.886918] scsi0 : ata_piix
215 [ 0.889793] scsi1 : ata_piix
216 [ 0.892069] ata1: PATA max MWDMA2 cmd 0x1f0 ctl 0x3f6 bmdma 0xc040 irq 14
217 [ 0.893396] ata2: PATA max MWDMA2 cmd 0x170 ctl 0x376 bmdma 0xc048 irq 15
218 [ 0.903225] i8042: PNP: PS/2 Controller [PNP0303:KBD,PNP0f13:MOU] at 0x60,0x64 irq 1,12
219 [ 0.907034] serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1
220 [ 0.908692] serio: i8042 AUX port at 0x60,0x64 irq 12
221 [ 0.917325] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
222 [ 0.921552] input: AT Translated Set 2 keyboard as /devices/platform/i8042/serio0/input/input1
223 [ 0.928758] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.24.0-ioctl (2013-01-15) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
224 [ 0.931408] cpuidle: using governor ladder
225 [ 0.932440] cpuidle: using governor menu
226 [ 0.934504] hidraw: raw HID events driver (C) Jiri Kosina
227 [ 0.941414] Netfilter messages via NETLINK v0.30.
228 [ 0.944016] nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (1852 buckets, 7408 max)
229 [ 0.952440] ctnetlink v0.93: registering with nfnetlink.
230 [ 0.956965] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
231 [ 0.959743] TCP: cubic registered
232 [ 0.960075] Initializing XFRM netlink socket
233 [ 0.963648] NET: Registered protocol family 10
234 [ 0.968998] ip6_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
235 [ 0.972067] sit: IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling driver
236 [ 0.975865] NET: Registered protocol family 17
237 [ 0.977894] Key type dns_resolver registered
238 [ 0.980079] Using IPI No-Shortcut mode
239 [ 0.987210] registered taskstats version 1
240 [ 0.990722] Magic number: 11:675:977
241 [ 1.053051] ata2.00: ATAPI: QEMU DVD-ROM, 2.3.0, max UDMA/100
242 [ 1.056210] ata2.00: configured for MWDMA2
243 [ 1.064049] scsi 1:0:0:0: CD-ROM QEMU QEMU DVD-ROM 2.3. PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
244 [ 1.072887] sr0: scsi3-mmc drive: 4x/4x cd/rw xa/form2 tray
245 [ 1.074694] cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
246 [ 1.079892] sr 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 5
247 [ 1.088087] Freeing unused kernel memory: 2124k freed
248 [ 1.128077] Write protecting the kernel text: 5776k
249 [ 1.129247] Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 1696k
250
251 * * **** ****
252 *** *** ** ** * * * * **
253 * * * * * * * * * * * * **
254 * * * * * * * * * * * * ***
255 * ** * ****** * * * * * * **
256 * * * * * * * * * **
257 * * * * * * ** * * **
258 * * *** * * ** * **** ****
259
260 MenuOS>>[ 1.536217] input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as /devices/platform/i8042/serio1/input/input2
261 [ 1.614615] tsc: Refined TSC clocksource calibration: 3594.685 MHz
262 [ 1.617405] Switching to clocksource tsc
263
264 MenuOS>>help
265 help - Menu List
266 * help - Menu List
267 * version - MenuOS V1.0(Based on Linux 3.18.6)
268 * quit - Quit from MenuOS
269 * time - Show System Time
270 * time-asm - Show System Time(asm)
271 MenuOS>>quit
272 quit - Quit from MenuOS
273 MenuOS>>qemu: terminating on signal 15 from pid 5972
274 descent@debian32:~/linux-3.10.27/arch/x86/boot$ exit
275
276 Script done on Wed 05 Aug 2015 05:00:09 PM CST
rootfs 是《Linux 内核分析》提供的, 從這裡下載:
git clone https://github.com/mengning/menu.git
我做了個小修改使其可以在 arm kernel 上執行。
使用以下指令編譯:
gcc -o init linktable.c menu.c test.c -m32 -static -lpthread
編譯相關指令
模擬器果然只是模擬器, 在 rpi 2 的真實機器上並沒有正常呈現畫面, 我的 dev 加入不少東西, 我也不知道哪個才是必要的。init 則要放在 /sbin/init
rpi2-rfs 1 root@NB-debian:/media/2# ls /dev/ sbin/
2 /dev/:
3 autofs mapper sdb1 tty22 tty5 vboxdrvu
4 block mcelog sdb2 tty23 tty50 vboxnetctl
5 bsg media0 sdb3 tty24 tty51 vboxusb
6 btrfs-control mei serial tty25 tty52 vcs
7 bus mem sg0 tty26 tty53 vcs1
8 cdrom mmcblk0 sg1 tty27 tty54 vcs2
9 cdrw mmcblk0p1 sg2 tty28 tty55 vcs3
10 char mmcblk0p2 shm tty29 tty56 vcs4
11 console mqueue snapshot tty3 tty57 vcs5
12 core net snd tty30 tty58 vcs6
13 cpu network_latency sr0 tty31 tty59 vcs7
14 cpu_dma_latency network_throughput stderr tty32 tty6 vcsa
15 cuse null stdin tty33 tty60 vcsa1
16 disk port stdout tty34 tty61 vcsa2
17 dri ppp tty tty35 tty62 vcsa3
18 dvd psaux tty0 tty36 tty63 vcsa4
19 dvdrw ptmx tty1 tty37 tty7 vcsa5
20 fb0 pts tty10 tty38 tty8 vcsa6
21 fd random tty11 tty39 tty9 vcsa7
22 full rfkill tty12 tty4 ttyS0 vfio
23 fuse rtc tty13 tty40 ttyS1 vga_arbiter
24 hidraw0 rtc0 tty14 tty41 ttyS2 vhci
25 hpet sda tty15 tty42 ttyS3 vhost-net
26 hugepages sda1 tty16 tty43 ttyUSB0 video0
27 initctl sda2 tty17 tty44 uhid watchdog
28 input sda3 tty18 tty45 uinput watchdog0
29 kmsg sda4 tty19 tty46 urandom xconsole
30 kvm sda5 tty2 tty47 usb zero
31 log sda6 tty20 tty48 v4l
32 loop-control sdb tty21 tty49 vboxdrv
33
34 sbin/:
35 init
以下是真實機器版本:
總算搞出來了, sd card 抽換的手快抽筋了。
在 arm 平台假如還有問題的話, 有可能還需要 /dev/ram0 並指定 kernel 參數 (也許不用, 但 /dev/ram0 一定要)
root=/dev/ram0
ex:
bootargs root=/dev/ram0 rw console=ttyS0,115200 mem=768M@0x00000000
ref:
沒有留言:
張貼留言
使用 google 的 reCAPTCHA 驗證碼, 總算可以輕鬆留言了。
我實在受不了 spam 了, 又不想讓大家的眼睛花掉, 只好放棄匿名留言。這是沒辦法中的辦法了。留言的朋友需要有 google 帳號。